Enhanced DV-Hop Self-Localization Procedure for Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract
In this paper, a novel self-localization procedure for wireless sensor networks is presented. Due to errors in calculating universal coordinates and inappropriate relative pairwise distance assessment, the errors in the appraisal of localization may occur. Minimization of these errors is necessary for effective localization arrangements. In irregular or sparse networks, the earlier proposed DV-Hop positioning procedure shows poor accuracy and is not effective. To avoid the weaknesses of this procedure, in this work an enhanced DV-Hop procedure for self-localization (EDVHPSL) is proposed. The anticipated EDVHPSL method delivers improvement in results in terms of localization error. MATLAB simulations have been performed to implement the proposed EDVHPSL by changing the benchmark parameters during simulation process. The parameters are number of beacon nodes, communication range, number of sensor nodes and hop count.
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Introduction
In WSNs, the sensor nodes are deployed in an unplanned infrastructure where there is no prior knowledge of location. The problem of estimating the spatial coordinates of a sensor node (relative or absolute) is referred to as localization [1]. It is a term used to define the process of finding the geographic location of the sensor nodes in a coordinate system. The sensor nodes must be localized in space in order to identify the location of an event. The positioning of sensor nodes is accomplished using a localization system which is a key part of WSNs. Localization systems not only help to locate events but can also be used as a
base for routing, density control, tracking, and network protocols. The straightforward localization approach gathers the information (e.g. connectivity or pair-wise distance measurement) about the entire network into one place, where the collected information is processed to estimate the location of sensor nodes [2]. Localization is an unavoidable challenge when dealing with WSNs and an important problem because many of the sensor network protocols and applications simply suppose that all sensor nodes in the network are aware of their individual locations. Secondly, if a sensor node is reporting a critical event or data by means of geographical routing technique, the location of individual sensor nodes must be known in prior [3].
Existing localization algorithms [4] estimate the locations of sensor nodes either by using knowledge of the positions of a few sensor nodes or their inter-sensor node measurements such as distance and angle. Sensor nodes with known location information are called anchors or beacons and their locations are obtained by using a GPS, or by their manual placement at points with known coordinates. While the GPS is one of the most popular technique and is widely accessible, the high cost, high energy consumption and restricted indoor usage makes it difficult for WSNs. Limitation of size, battery and hardware resources of sensor nodes prohibits the use of GPS hardware in every sensor node. The various localization methods have their own merits and demerits and their performance also depend on many other factors like, accuracy, coverage, complexity, scalability, robustness, fault tolerance, cost and energy.
Conclusion
In this paper, the causes for the localization error in the existing DV-Hop positioning algorithm were described and an enhanced DV-Hop positioning algorithm is proposed. The proposed EDVHPSL technique, which is a amendment in the DV-Hop positioning algorithm, delivers upgraded results in terms of localization error. During the simulation process, EDVHPSL is implemented by altering essential parameters named as hop count, range, number of beacon nodes, and number of sensor nodes.
References
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