Transplanting Machinery and Key Components: A Comprehensive Review

Authors: Herui Dong; Guibin Wang; Jijia He; Tingbo Xu; Maile Zhou
Transplanting Machinery and Key Components: A Comprehensive Review
DOI
10.25125/ijoer-apr-2026-2
DIN
IJOER-APR-2026-2
Abstract

As demand for agricultural products continues to grow, mechanized transplanting technologies and equipment are constantly evolving. Transplanting is one of the primary cultivation methods for crops such as grains, oilseeds, and vegetables, and it represents a critical technical step in crop production, playing a significant role in increasing crop yields. This paper outlines the current state of research on transplanters and their key components. It categorizes and summarizes the research and development of existing transplanters based on their driving modes, classifies transplanting mechanisms according to different seedling retrieval methods and analyzes their working principles, and analyzes and summarizes the existing issues with current transplanters and transplanting mechanisms. Based on these issues, the paper proposes recommendations for future development. High-efficiency, low-damage transplanting technology is key to increasing crop yields, and strengthening the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy is an important method for reducing crop production costs. Intelligence, full automation, and green, low-carbon operations represent important future research directions for transplanters.

Keywords
Transplanting machine transplanting mechanism intelligent fully automated eco-friendly and low-carbo.
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Introduction

Crops come in diverse varieties, and their cultivation methods are equally varied. Transplanting is one such method, primarily suited for crops like rice, corn, peppers, tomatoes, cotton, and rapeseed [1]. Rice is a primary staple crop for humanity and ranks among the world's three most significant food crops, with global annual production reaching approximately 450 million tons [2-8]. Vegetables are indispensable in daily diets and constitute a vital component of food consumption. In recent years, the vegetable industry has experienced rapid growth, accompanied by a continuous expansion of vegetable cultivation areas worldwide [9]. The agricultural workforce is currently experiencing a pronounced aging trend, leading to a sharp decline in labor availability and creating a labor shortage in agriculture [10-11]. Faced with the contradiction between growing demand for agricultural products and the rapid depletion of agricultural resources and labor, as well as the challenge of meeting increasing demands for sustainable food production, it is imperative to enhance crop yields per unit area of farmland. Agricultural mechanization and automation play a crucial role in effectively reducing labor intensity and enhancing agricultural productivity [12-14]. To address this contradiction, the mechanization and automation of rice and vegetable transplanting are of significant importance, representing an inevitable trend that improves planting efficiency, reduces labor intensity, and increases crop yields [15]. To further boost agricultural output, research on seedling cultivation and transplanting techniques has been proposed, as this technology can extend the crop growth period [16]. Compared to traditional seedling cultivation methods, greenhouse seedling production offers several advantages, including higher seedling survival rates, stronger stress resistance, shorter cultivation cycles, and reduced pest and disease incidence [17-18]. The transplanting process involves removing seedlings from seedling trays and planting them in the field soil. Mechanized transplanting has become the mainstream method for large-scale vegetable and rice cultivation [19-20]. Transplanting is categorized into manual and mechanized methods. Manual transplanting requires bending or squatting postures, involving monotonous and labor-intensive work. Mechanized transplanting can replace agricultural workers in performing repetitive tasks, reducing labor intensity [21-22]. Mechanized transplanting is further divided into semi-automatic and fully automatic systems [23]. Semi-automatic transplanters lack seedling tray conveyors, requiring manual intervention for seedling retrieval [24]. Compared to semi-automatic and manual methods, fully automatic transplanters operate without human interference. They achieve full automation throughout the entire process—from removing seedlings from trays to conveying and depositing them into planting holes—maintaining high-speed operation. Consequently, they impose stringent requirements on seedling quality [25-27].

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Conclusion

Development Recommendations for Transplanters
Multifunctional design: Given the diversity of crops and the complex, variable conditions of farmland, developing multifunctional transplanters is key to reducing costs in future agricultural production. Research focuses on integrating functions such as mulching, transplanting, watering, and fertilizing into a single machine. This enables the completion of basic crop planting processes with a single pass through the field, eliminating the need to purchase multiple machines and minimizing soil disturbance caused by repeated passes.
Universal design: Enhance the universal design of transplanters to enable a single machine to perform transplanting operations for multiple crops through simple adjustments, thereby further reducing agricultural production costs.
Intelligent research: Enhance intelligent research on transplanting machines by integrating autonomous driving technology. Utilize vision and image processing technologies to monitor transplanting operation quality in real time and adjust operations accordingly, thereby preventing issues such as missed plants.
Integrated control system: The integrated control system dynamically adjusts transplanting operations in real time based on field conditions, ensuring consistent plant spacing and planting depth. This enables the transplanting mechanism to dynamically modify seedling pickup trajectories and instantly adjust seedling orientation, guaranteeing upright growth post-transplanting. The result is highly efficient, low-loss transplanting operations that can be performed unmanned, further reducing labor requirements.
Electric transplanters: Strengthen research on electric transplanters to align with the future green and low-carbon development trends in agriculture. Given that electric transplanters require prolonged operation under harsh environmental conditions, frequent recharging can impair operational efficiency, while battery replacement increases operational costs. Therefore, extending battery runtime and optimizing battery lifespan will be critical challenges to address in electric transplanter research.
Development Recommendations for Transplanting Mechanisms
Damage reduction: In current agricultural production, damage to seedlings caused by existing transplanting mechanisms remains a key factor limiting transplanting quality and efficiency. Future transplanting mechanism designs must enhance theoretical analysis. For gripper-type transplanters, optimize the gripping force of the seedling picker to prevent damage to seedlings. Design suitable insertion-type transplanting mechanisms to ensure complete seedling retrieval. Control the airflow volume in pneumatic transplanters to maintain seedling pot integrity while ensuring successful seedling extraction.
Stability and lightweight design: To enhance transplanting efficiency, conduct a structural dynamic analysis of the transplanting mechanism to ensure transmission stability during high-speed operation. Simplify the structural design of the transplanting mechanism to achieve lightweight construction.
Multi-crop adaptability: Designed for transplanting multiple types of crops, this system breaks the limitations of transplanting machinery by enabling a single unit to handle transplanting operations for various agricultural crops, thereby reducing agricultural production costs.
Integration with agronomy: Strengthen the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy practices. Standardize seedling cultivation and transplanting procedures by adopting uniform seedling trays. Design transplanting mechanisms specifically for these standardized trays to better align research with seedling cultivation and transplanting techniques. This approach will standardize trays compatible with transplanting equipment and reduce production costs for seedling trays.

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