Engineering Journal: Volume-11, Issue-2, February, 2025

Abstract—
Background: Increasing prevalence of poorly controlled diabetes with huge health complications necessitated the evaluation of the association of socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) towards dietary management with anthropometric indices of type 2 diabetics Federal Medical Center, Nigeria. Objective: The study examined the associations between socio-economic characteristics, KAP towards dietary management, and anthropometric indices of diabetics.
Methodology: The cross-sectional study assessed 50 diabetics purposively selected from the hospital’s outpatient clinic. Socioeconomic characteristics, KAP towards dietary management were obtained with a validated structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric indices (body mass index BMI and waist circumference WC) were assessed using standard methods. Data were analyzed with IBM Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) version 21.0, and presented with descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Pearson correlation.
Results: The patients were mainly rural (52%), female (62%), ≥ 40 years (88%), married (96%), and monogamous (84%). Sixty-two percent had below primary education status, 94% were employed, and 56% earned below ₦20,000/month. BMI and WC were high in 50% and 54% respectively; many (68%, 53%, and 67%) had good KAP towards dietary management respectively. Positive correlations exist between occupation and WC (r2=0.537; p=0.000); education attained with BMI (r2=0.293; p=0.039), and WC (r2=0.676; p=0.000), income level and BMI (r2=0.453; p=0.001), nutrition knowledge and WC (r 2 = 0.517; p=0.000); and KAP and BMI (r2=0.355; p=0.012) of the diabetics. Negative relationships exist between knowledge of dietary management and BMI (r2=-0.328; p= 0.020) and WC (r2=-0.485; p=0.000).
Conclusion: Waist circumference had significant positive associations with education attained, occupation, and nutrition knowledge; nutrition knowledge correlated significantly with education attained.
Keywords— Socioeconomic, knowledge, attitude, practice, anthropometry, diabetics.

Abstract— This study investigated the fermented yam wash water and raw milk for their probiotic potentials through detailed isolation and characterization of lactobacillus. There were a total of eleven different types of lactobacilli isolated by traditional methods of fermentation. Their morphological and biochemical characteristics were well studied. A number of microbiological methods such as Gram staining, application of various biochemical tests and microscopic examinations were performed to accurately identify and characterize bacteria. Results showed concordant results in species of lactobacillus with variant biochemical profiles, indicating the rich microbial potential of indigenous fermentation processes. Similarly, enzymatic capabilities demonstrated variability, hence giving variable probiotic functionality. All the eleven samples were identified to belong to Lactobacillus spp. based on striking differences from the oxidase and catalase reactions. This study serves as formidable evidence in the application of locally fermented substrates in probiotic interventions, particularly in animal nutrition. These findings have bearing on the understanding of indigenous fermentation techniques and further development of probiotics in a sustainable manner within agricultural systems.
Keywords— Fermentation techniques, microbiological methods, lactobacillus spp, unprocessed milk, yam wash water.

Abstract— This study investigates the effects of cutting parameters on the tool life of two grades of high-speed steel tools, Tungsten (T1) and Molybdenum (T2), during the turning of mild carbon steel on a CNC lathe. Experiments were conducted on mild steel rods (200 mm length, 30 mm diameter) at three feed rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm/rev), with a constant depth of cut (0.4 mm) using an 18-spindle rotational speed CNC lathe. Power and linear regression models were employed in MATLAB to determine and validate R² values. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to identify the best-fit model for experimental tool lives. Furthermore, chip-tool interface temperatures were modeled and compared with established literature to ensure accuracy and reliability.
Keywords— ANOVA, Cutting parameters, CNC lathe, High Speed Steel, Tool life.