Engineering Journal: Volume-11, Issue-4, April, 2025

Abstract— Clustering techniques perform the task of discovering underlying patterns and structures in data. They play a crucial role in fields such as big data analytics, recommendation systems, and medical diagnostics, driving intelligent decision-making and efficient data processing. Deep clustering, with its strong ability to extract features, effectively overcomes the shortcomings of traditional clustering techniques, making it a prominent area of current research. Among these methods, the loss function, as the core component of deep clustering, guides the model in optimizing data representation, ensuring the effectiveness and stability of feature extraction from high-dimensional and complex data. However, existing studies primarily focus on the deep learning architecture, with few offering a systematic analysis from the perspective of loss functions. This paper reviews the current state of deep clustering research from the loss function viewpoint and categorizes relevant algorithms based on the characteristics of their loss functions. By analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of various loss functions, four essential elements for an effective loss function are proposed: information preservation, balance, robustness, and scalability. Future research directions are explored with respect to these four aspects.
Keywords— Deep Clustering, Loss Function, Network Loss, Deep Learning, Network Architecture, Clustering Loss.

Abstract— The advent of additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, has ushered in a transformative era across diverse industrial sectors by enabling unprecedented flexibility in design, rapid prototyping, and customized production. This comprehensive review critically examines the latest advancements in 3D printing technologies, materials, and manufacturing processes, offering an in-depth exploration of their current capabilities and evolving paradigms. Emphasis is placed on a comparative analysis of key additive manufacturing techniques including Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) alongside emerging hybrid and intelligent systems that integrate artificial intelligence and Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks. The study further delineates the material spectrum utilized in modern 3D printing, spanning thermoplastics, metals, ceramics, composites, and bio-compatible substances, with a focused discussion on their mechanical, thermal, and functional attributes. The paper systematically identifies both the intrinsic advantages of additive manufacturing such as design freedom, waste minimization, and supply chain optimization and its current limitations, including surface finish quality, process scalability, and regulatory standardization challenges. Additionally, the review outlines the broad and expanding scope of 3D printing applications, ranging from biomedical implants and aerospace components to construction scale printing and food fabrication. Key technological, economic, and environmental challenges are also addressed, providing a holistic view of the sector's growth trajectory. This review aims to serve as a foundational resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers by synthesizing critical insights into the current landscape and future prospects of 3D printing in the context of Industry 4.0 and beyond.
Keywords— Additive Manufacturing, Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Advanced Printing Materials, Artificial Intelligence & Industry 4.0, Smart Manufacturing, IOT in Manufacturing.

Abstract— In India, majority of people prefer rail transportation service to travel a short distance (i.e., within a city) and a long distance (i.e., from one state to another). India has the fourth largest railway network in the world, with a total length of 92,952 kilometers. A triple-train accident occurred on June 03, 2023 in India. In this dreadful accident, two superfast express trains’ bogies and a freight train’s wagons collided. Nearly 290 passengers were declared dead, while about 1300 suffered severe injuries. In this context, the paper critically examines Indian railway signaling and interlocking operating system and finds out the possible reasons for the train accident. It analyses how the train accident could have been avoided if signal and telecommunication engineers had incorporated their professional codes of ethics into their decision-making and actions. It analyses safety and reliability conditions of railway transportation. In the end, the paper suggests some important technological measures and ethical guidelines to avoid train accidents in future and thereby safeguard passengers’ lives.
Keywords— Decision-making, Railway Signaling System, Railway Transportation, Train Accident, Engineering Ethics.